Extracts of the Medicinal Plants Pao Pereira and Rauwolfia vomitoria Inhibit Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells In Vitro.

Ovarian cancer has an enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) which contribute to the treatment resistant tumor's high rate of recurrence and metastasis. Here we investigated 2 plant extracts from the medicinal plants Pao Pereira (Pao) and Rauwolfia vomitoria (Rau) each for their activities against ovarian CSCs. Both Pao and Rau inhibited overall proliferation of human ovarian cancer cell lines with IC50 ranging from 210 to 420 µg/mL and had limited cytotoxicity to normal epithelial cells. Ovarian CSC population was examined using cell surface markers and tumor spheroid formation assays. The results showed that both Pao and Rau treatment significantly reduced the ovarian CSC population. Pao and Rau had similar activities in inhibiting ovarian CSCs, with IC50s of ~120 µg/mL for 24 hours treatment, and ~50 µg/mL for long-term tumor spheroid formation. Nuclear ß-catenin levels were decreased, suggesting suppression of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. Taken together, data here showed that Pao and Rau both inhibited ovarian cancer stem cells, probably in preference to the bulk of tumor cells. Further mechanistic studies and in vivo investigation validating these findings are warranted, given that inhibition of cancer stem cells holds the promise of comprehensively inhibiting cancer metastasis, drug resistance and recurrence.

Time management: Improving the timing of post-prostatectomy radiotherapy, clinical trials, and knowledge translation.

BACKGROUND: Management of prostate cancer after surgery is controversial. Past studies on adjuvant radiotherapy (aRT) for higher-risk features have had conflicting results. Through the collaborative conversations of the global radiation oncology Twitter-based journal club (#RadOnc #JC), we explored this complex topic to share recent advances, better understand what the global radiation oncology community felt was important and inspire next steps. METHODS: We selected the recent publication of a landmark international randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing immediate and salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer, RADICALS-RT, for discussion over the weekend of January 16 to 17, 2021. Coordination included open access to the article and an asynchronous portion to decrease barriers to participation, cooperation of study authors (CP, MS) who participated to share deeper insights including a live hour, and curation of related resources and tweet content through a blog post and Wakelet journal club summary. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: Our conversations created 2,370,104 impressions over 599 tweets with 51 participants spanning 11 countries and 5 continents. A quarter of the participants were from the US (13/51) followed by 10% from the UK (5/51). Clinical or Radiation Oncologists comprised 59% of active participants (16/27) with 62% (18/29) reporting giving aRT within the last 5 years. Discussion was interdisciplinary with three urologists (11%), three trainees (11%), and two physiotherapists (7%). Four months after the journal club its article Altmetric score had increased by 7% (214 to 229). Thematic analysis of tweet content suggested participants wanted clarification on definitions of adjuvant (aRT) and salvage radiotherapy (sRT) including indications, timing, and decision-making tools including guidelines; more interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral collaboration including with patients for study design including survivorship and meaningful outcomes; more effective knowledge translation including faster clinical trials; and more data including mature results of current trials, particular high-risk features (Gleason Group 4+, pT4b+, and margin-positive disease), implications of newer technologies such as PSMA-PET and genomic classifiers, and better explanations for practice pattern variations including underutilization of radiotherapy. This was further explored in the context of relevant literature. CONCLUSION: Together, this global collaborative review on the postoperative management of prostate cancer suggested a stronger signal for the uptake of early salvage radiation treatment with careful PSA monitoring, more sensitive PSA triggers, and expected access to radiotherapy. Questions still remain on potential exceptions and barriers to use. These require better decision-making tools for all practice settings, consideration of newer technologies, more pragmatic trials, and better use of social media for knowledge translation.

Craniofacial Features in Richieri-Costa-Pereira Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome (RCPS) present severe craniofacial alterations and frequently require orthodontic and surgical procedures. Thus, this study aims to describe the craniofacial relationships in patients with RCPS. DESIGN: Panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalometric teleradiographs of 7 patients with RCPS and 7 age- and sex-matched nonsyndromic patients were analyzed. Cephalometric measurements were used to determine the size of apical bases, the relationship between them, the pattern of craniofacial growth, and the facial heights of the patients. Interobservers' concordance was verified by intraclass coefficient. For comparison between the groups, paired t test was employed. P values <.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: Average age of patients with RCPS was 18.5 years. Six patients were female. All patients with RCPS had Pierre-Robin sequence while 2 also presented cleft mandible. Most patients with RCPS had missing lower central incisors (100%), lower lateral incisors (85.7%), lower second premolars (85.7%), and/or upper lateral incisors (57.1%). Concordance between observers was excellent for all cephalometric measurements (0.87-0.99). Patients with RCPS presented severe craniofacial alterations when compared to control group: sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angle (73.8o ± 4.86o vs 78.85o ± 4.53o, P = .029), maxillary length (7.89 cm ± 0.58 cm vs 16.36 cm ± 0.75 cm, P = .001), mandibular length (9.90 cm ± 0.46 cm vs 20.61 cm ± 0.45 cm, P = .001), upper anterior face height (5.41 cm ± 0.50 cm vs 9.40 cm ± 0.47 cm, P = .001), lower anterior face height (5.48 cm ± 0.75 cm vs 11.66 cm ± 0.55 cm, P = .001), and posterior face height (6.70 cm ± 0.33 cm vs 13.65 cm ± 1.06 cm, P = .001). There was no difference in SNB, A point-nasion-B point, pogonion-nasion-B point, and mandibular place angles between the groups (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Patients with RCPS present deficient development of maxilla and mandible when compared with nonsyndromic patients.

Re-examination of species limits in Aspergillus section Flavipedes using advanced species delimitation methods and description of four new species.

Since the last revision in 2015, the taxonomy of section Flavipedes evolved rapidly along with the availability of new species delimitation techniques. This study aims to re-evaluate the species boundaries of section Flavipedes members using modern delimitation methods applied to an extended set of strains (n = 90) collected from various environments. The analysis used DNA sequences of three house-keeping genes (benA, CaM, RPB2) and consisted of two steps: application of several single-locus (GMYC, bGMYC, PTP, bPTP) and multi-locus (STACEY) species delimitation methods to sort the isolates into putative species, which were subsequently validated using DELINEATE software that was applied for the first time in fungal taxonomy. As a result, four new species are introduced, i.e. A. alboluteus, A. alboviridis, A. inusitatus and A. lanuginosus, and A. capensis is synonymized with A. iizukae. Phenotypic analyses were performed for the new species and their relatives, and the results showed that the growth parameters at different temperatures and colonies characteristics were useful for differentiation of these taxa. The revised section harbors 18 species, most of them are known from soil. However, the most common species from the section are ecologically diverse, occurring in the indoor environment (six species), clinical samples (five species), food and feed (four species), droppings (four species) and other less common substrates/environments. Due to the occurrence of section Flavipedes species in the clinical material/hospital environment, we also evaluated the susceptibility of 67 strains to six antifungals (amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole, terbinafine) using the reference EUCAST method. These results showed some potentially clinically relevant differences in susceptibility between species. For example, MICs higher than those observed for A. fumigatus wild-type were found for both triazoles and amphotericin B for A. ardalensis, A. iizukae, and A. spelaeus whereas A. lanuginosus, A. luppiae, A. movilensis, A. neoflavipes, A. olivimuriae and A. suttoniae were comparable to or more susceptible as A. fumigatus. Finally, terbinafine was in vitro active against all species except A. alboviridis.

Geissoschizoline, a promising alkaloid for Alzheimer's disease: Inhibition of human cholinesterases, anti-inflammatory effects and molecular docking.

Due to the lack of effective pharmacotherapy options to treats Alzheimer's disease, new strategies have been approached in the search for multi-target molecules as therapeutic options. In this work, four indole alkaloids, geissoschizoline, geissoschizone, geissospermine, and 3',4',5',6'-tetradehydrogeissospermine were isolated from Geissospermum vellosii (Pao pereira) and evaluated for their anticholinesterase activities. While geissospermine inhibited only butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), the other alkaloids behaved as non-selective inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and BChE. In cell viability tests, only geissoschizoline was not cytotoxic. Therefore, geissoschizoline actions were also evaluated in human cholinesterases, where it was twice as potent inhibitor of hBChE (IC50 = 10.21 ± 0.01 µM) than hAChE (IC50 = 20.40 ± 0.93 µM). On enzyme kinetic studies, geissoschizoline presented a mixed-type inhibition mechanism for both enzymes. Molecular docking studies pointed interactions of geissoschizoline with active site and peripheral anionic site of hAChE and hBChE, indicating a dual site inhibitor profile. Moreover, geissoschizoline also played a promising anti-inflammatory role, reducing microglial release of NO and TNF-α at a concentration (1 µM) ten and twenty times lower than the IC50 values of hBChE and hAChE inhibition, respectively. These actions give geissoschizoline a strong neuroprotective character. In addition, the ability to inhibit hAChE and hBChE, with approximate inhibitory potencies, accredits this alkaloid for therapeutic use in the moderate to severe phase of AD. Thus, geissoschizoline emerges as a possible multi-target prototype that can be very useful in preventing neurodegeneration and restore neurotransmission.

Pao Pereira extract suppresses benign prostatic hyperplasia by inhibiting inflammation-associated NFκB signaling.

BACKGROUND: Our previous study revealed the extract from the bark of an Amazonian tree Pao Pereira can suppress benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a rat model. Herein, we examined its inhibitory effects on human BPH cells and dissect its molecular mechanism. METHODS: We applied Pao extract to human BPH epithelial BPH-1 and prostate myofibroblast WPMY-1 cells. Cell viability, apoptosis and immunoblotting were performed, followed by gene expression profiling and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to detect the differentially expressed genes and signaling pathway induced by Pao extract. Human ex vivo BPH explant organ culture was also used to examine the effects of Pao extract on human BPH tissues. RESULTS: Pao extract treatment inhibited viability and induced apoptosis in human BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells. Gene expression profiling and the following validation indicated that the expression levels of pro-apoptotic genes (eg. PCDC4, CHOP and FBXO32) were induced by Pao extract in both two cell lines. GSEA further revealed that Pao extract treatment was negatively associated with the activation of NFκB signaling. Pao extract suppressed the transcriptional activity of NFκB and down-regulated its target genes involved in inflammation (CXCL5, CXCL6 and CXCL12) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (HAS2, TNC and MMP13) in both cultured cells and human ex vivo BPH explants. CONCLUSION: In both BPH epithelial and stromal cells, Pao extract induces apoptosis by upregulating the pro-apoptotic genes and inhibiting the inflammation-associated NFκB signaling via reducing phosphorylation of NFκB subunit RelA. Our data suggest that Pao extract may be a promising phytotherapeutic agent for BPH.

Dois exemplos de construções narrativas na sociologia da saúde / Two examples of narrative constructs in the sociology of health

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é revisitar um autor e uma autora na perspectiva de analisar em dois textos as narrativas construídas, No primeiro, da elaboração em medicina social das teorias sociológicas e, no segundo, da pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. Toma-se como objeto uma dimensão macro das narrativas, no sentido dado por Maines das possibilidades de construção de uma sociologia das narrativas e de uma narrativa da sociologia. Os textos analisados são da década de 1980, de autoria de JCM Pereira e MCS Minayo.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to revisit two authors with the intent to analyze the narratives constructed in two texts. In the first one, the narrative analyzed was the one pertaining to the elaboration of sociological theories in social medicine, and in the second, it was the one related to qualitative research in Health. The macro dimension of narratives, in the sense given by Maines of the possibilities of building a sociology of narratives and a narrative of sociology, will be the object of this study. The texts analyzed were written in the 1980s by JCM Pereira and MCS Minayo.

Os Cursos de Formação/Especialização de Professores de Deficientes Auditivos, no Brasil e em Portugal (1950-1980) / Education/Specialization Courses of Teachers of the Hearing-Impaired, in Brazil and Portugal (1950-1980)

RESUMO: O presente artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo investigar, em uma perspectiva de educação comparada, a circularidade de um pensamento educacional e modelos de formação docente envolvendo o Curso Normal (1951-1957) e os Cursos de Especialização de Professores de Deficientes Auditivos (1957-1972/1981-1985), mantidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Surdos-Mudos (INSM)/Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos (INES) e os cursos congêneres oferecidos pelo Instituto Jacob Rodrigues Pereira - IJRP (1952-1956/1961-1963/1982-1984), em Portugal. A investigação foi de cunho qualitativo e as fontes consultadas foram: textos legislativos, anteprojetos, regulamentos, regimentos, grades curriculares, fichas de matrículas e históricos das ex-normalistas e ex-cursistas, fichas funcionais de professores, periódicos, livros, manuais, ordens de serviço, relatórios e anais de Campanha. Esses documentos foram encontrados no Acervo Histórico, nos Arquivos corrente e permanente do INES, no Brasil, e no Centro de Documentação, Acervo Histórico e Biblioteca do Centro Cultural da Casapiano e na Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, em Lisboa. Também houve a produção de entrevistas semiestruturadas com doze docentes, entre ex-normalistas, ex-cursistas e ex-professores dos cursos investigados, à luz da metodologia da História Oral, por esta contribuir para a compreensão dos processos histórico-sociais. A pesquisa identificou elementos que evidenciaram a circulação de um pensamento educacional e modelos de formação docente, na área do ensino de surdos, que conectaram e entrelaçaram, de forma indireta e direta, as instituições pesquisadas, refletindo realidades globais que foram fruto de como os agentes escolares/institucionais se relacionaram, compartilhando conhecimentos, calcados na matriz oralista, que ultrapassaram as escalas nacionais.

ABSTRACT: The present paper is the result of a research that had the objective to investigate, in a comparative education perspective, educational mindsets and teacher qualification models involving the Escola Normal [Undergraduate Teacher-training School] (1951-1957) and the Cursos de Especialização de Professores de Deficientes Auditivos [Specialization Programs for Teachers of Students with Hearing Impairment] (1957-1972/1981-1985), offered by the Instituto Nacional dos Surdos-Mudos (INSM)/Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos (INES), as well as by their counterpart institutions -Instituto Jacob Rodrigues Pereira (IJRP) (1952-1956/1961-1963/1982-1984), in Portugal. This qualitative research has used as sources legislative texts, preliminary drafts, regulations, by-laws, syllabuses, student registration forms, school transcripts of ex-training-teachers, teacher employment and performance records, journals, books, manuals, work orders, reports and Campaign records found. These documents were found in the Historical Collection, INES current and permanent Archives, in Brazil, as well as in the Document Centre, Historical Collection and Library of the Cultural Centre of Casapiano and the National Library in Lisbon, Portugal. Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with twelve ex-training-teachers and teachers of the investigated institutions and programs, in the light of the Oral History methodology, for it is believed to provide qualitative interpretations of historical and social processes. The research identified elements that evidenced the interplay between their similar educational mindsets and teacher qualification models in the field of teaching students with hearing impairment, that have directly or indirectly connected and intermeshed the above mentioned institutions, and reflect global realities that resulted from the way through which institutional/school agents interacted and shared knowledge, embedded in the oral history matrix, that went beyond national borders.

Extract of the Medicinal Plant Pao Pereira Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Stem-Like Cell In Vitro and In Vivo.

Pancreatic cancers are enriched with cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which are resistant to chemotherapies, and responsible for tumor metastasis and recurrence. Here, we investigated the extract of a medicinal plant Pao Pereira (Pao) for its activity against pancreatic CSCs. Pao inhibited overall proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cell lines with IC50 ranging from 125 to 325 µg/mL and had limited cytotoxicity to normal epithelial cells. Pancreatic CSC population, identified using surface markers CD24+ CD44+ EpCam+ or tumor spheroid formation assay, was significantly reduced, with IC50s of ~100 µg/mL for 48 hours treatment, and ~27 µg/mL for long-term treatment. Nuclear ß-catenin levels were decreased, suggesting suppression of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo, Pao at 20 mg/kg, 5 times/week gavage, significantly reduced tumorigenicity of PANC-1 cells in immunocompromised mice, indicating inhibition of CSCs in vivo. Further investigation is warranted in using Pao as a novel treatment targeting pancreatic CSCs.

Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome: Expanding its phenotypic and genotypic spectrum.

Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive acrofacial dysostosis that has been mainly described in Brazilian individuals. The cardinal features include Robin sequence, cleft mandible, laryngeal anomalies and limb defects. A biallelic expansion of a complex repeated motif in the 5' untranslated region of EIF4A3 has been shown to cause this syndrome, commonly with 15 or 16 repeats. The only patient with mild clinical findings harbored a 14-repeat expansion in 1 allele and a point mutation in the other allele. This proband is described here in more details, as well as is his affected sister, and 5 new individuals with Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome, including a patient from England, of African ancestry. This study has expanded the phenotype in this syndrome by the observation of microcephaly, better characterization of skeletal abnormalities, less severe phenotype with only mild facial dysmorphisms and limb anomalies, as well as the absence of cleft mandible, which is a hallmark of the syndrome. Although the most frequent mutation in this study was the recurrent 16-repeat expansion in EIF4A3, there was an overrepresentation of the 14-repeat expansion, with mild phenotypic expression, thus suggesting that the number of these motifs could play a role in phenotypic delineation.

Diversity and potential impact of Calonectria species in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil.

Species in the genus Calonectria (Hypocreales) represent an important group of plant pathogenic fungi that cause serious losses to plant crops in tropical and subtropical climates. Calonectria leaf blight is currently one of the main impediments to Eucalyptus cultivation in Brazil, and various species of Calonectria have been associated with this disease. Since most previous identifications were solely based on morphological characters, much of the published literature needs to be re-evaluated. The aim of this study was thus to identify and determine the phylogenetic relationships among species that occur in the Eucalyptus growing regions of Brazil by using partial sequences of the ß-tubulin, calmodulin, translation elongation factor 1-α and histone H3 gene regions. Based on extensive collections from soil and infected eucalypt leaf samples from plantations, phylogenetic inference revealed the Ca. pteridis complex to be the most common species complex present in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. By elucidating taxa in the Ca. pteridis, Ca. cylindrospora and Ca. candelabra species complexes, 20 novel Calonectria species were identified, and a new name in Calonectria provided for Cylindrocladium macrosporum as Ca. pseudopteridis.

Richieri-costa and Pereira syndrome: severe phenotype.

Richieri-Costa and Pereira syndrome, described in 1992, comprises short stature, Robin sequence, cleft mandible, limb malformations, and short larynx, deformed or lack of epiglottis, and abnormal aryepiglottic folds. There are 32 reported cases, only one described outside Brazil. We describe a 4-month-old boy with the most severe phenotype yet reported.

Discusiones sobre la presencia de aves rapaces, aves migratorias y aves bajo algún grado de amenaza en la ciudad de Pereira, Risaralda / Discussios aboutt the preence of birds of prey, migratory birds and birdds under some degree of threat in the city of pereira, risaralda

Artículo que presenta una discusión que busca justificar la presencia de aves silvestres dentro de la ciudad de Pereira, enfáticamente las especies de aves rapaces, migratorias o bajo algún grado de amenaza, buscando ampliar la discusión de resultados presentada en el artículo predecesor llamado "Revisión a la diversidad ornitológica de Pereira". Se registraron catorce(14) especies de aves rapaces (es decir pertenecientes a las familias Cathartidae, Pandionidae, Accipitridae y Falconidae) las cuales deben su presencia a que no dependen de bosque y pueden sobrevivir en zonas urbanas; veintiséis (26) especies migratorias de las cuales, a excepción de tres especies consideradas raras, todas son comunes o bastantes comunes y la mayoría frecuenta áreas abiertas; siete (7)especies bajo algún grado de amenaza(amenaza que se debe principalmente a la destrucción de su hábitat) consideradas de por sí como raras y locales y cuatro (4) especies endémicas de las cuales solo una es considerada como rara, todas las demás son comunes y dentro de la ciudad encuentran los diversos tipos de hábitat requeridos por estas especies. Se discute y concluye que en general las especies abordadas son de áreas abiertas o no dependen de bosques, tolerantes a ecosistemas intervenidos y/o presentan cierta plasticidad de nicho con sus necesidades de hábitat y son capaces de encontrar sus requerimientos ecológicos dentro de las zonas urbanas. Así mismo que la heterogeneidad de hábitats y la estructura de vegetación variada de las zonas urbanas contribuyen a su riqueza de especies.

The article presents a discussion that seeks to justify the presence of wild birds in the city of Pereira -emphatically birds of prey, migratory birds, or birds under some degree of threat- seeking to broaden the discussion of results presented in the previous article "Revision to Ornithological Diversity in Pereira." Fourteen (14) species of birds of prey (this is to say belonging to the families Cathartidae, Pandionidae, Accipitridae and Falconidae) which owe their presence to the fact that they do not depend on forests and can survive in urban areas; twenty-six (26) migratory species which, except for three species considered rare, all are common or fairly common and most frequent in open areas; seven (7) species under some degree of threat (threat mainly due to habitat destruction) considered as rare and local; and four (4) endemic species of which only one is considered rare; all others are common and within the city they find the different types of habitat they require. It is discussed and concluded that in general the species dealt with belong to open areas and do not depend on forests, are tolerant to intervened ecosystems and/or have some niche plasticity with their habitat needs and are able to find their ecological requirements in urban areas. Also that the habitat heterogeneity and the varied vegetation structure in urban areas contribute to the richness of species.

Tendencias epidemiológicas en el comportamiento de la infección por VIH/SIDA en el municipio Pereira, Colombia, 1998-2011 / Trends in the epidemiology of HIV infection/AIDS in the municipality Pereira, Colombia, 1998-2011

Introducción: La infección VIH/SIDA continúa siendo un grave problema de salud pública mundial. Colombia es uno de los países considerablemente afectado en Latinoamérica, con municipios de alta incidencia, entre los cuales se encuentra Pereira. Materiales y métodos: Evaluación de los principales indicadores epidemiológicos (estimaciones de incidencia, mortalidad y letalidad) de la infección VIH/SIDA, período 1998-2011, Municipio Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Resultados: Durante el período se registraron 1471 casos (promedio 105,1±27,6/año, intervalo 51-159); tendencia al incremento (r2=0,3028; p=0,0415), especialmente entre 2006-2011 (r2=0,845; p=0,0095). La incidencia osciló entre 11,8 (2001) a 34,6 (2011) casos/100.000 hab (IC95% 29,0-40,0), sin tendencia al incremento entre 1998-2005 (r2=0,0351; p=0,6567), y aumentando significativamente de 2006-2011 (r2=0,8318; p=0,0113). Se registraron 631 muertes (promedio 45,1±8,9/año, intervalo 32-64), sin variación significativa entre 1998-2005 (r2=0,042; p=0,6262); de 2006-2011 se redujeron significativamente (r2=0,7016; p=0,0374). La mortalidad osciló entre 7,0 (2010) a 14,3 (2006) muertes/100.000 hab (IC95% 11,0-18,0), disminuyendo significativamente de 2006-2011 (r2=0,7251; p=0,0314). La letalidad en el período osciló entre 21,9% (2010) a 88,2% (2001) (IC95% 78,41-98,06). Discusión: A pesar que la incidencia del VIH/SIDA aun va en aumento, la letalidad y la mortalidad van disminuyendo progresivamente. Esto obedece a múltiples factores que incluyen mejor cobertura diagnóstica y terapéutica, mayor acceso al sistema de salud, más disponibilidad de información, manejo multidisciplinario apropiado y mejor capacitado. Sin embargo, en promoción y prevención aun quedan grandes retos por asumir, que incluyen más participación comunitaria en los procesos de acceso a la información, de vigilancia epidemiológica, de evaluación en la calidad de la prestación y satisfacción en el uso de servicios relacionados al programa de VIH/SIDA.

Introduction: HIV infection/AIDS continue to be a highly relevant global public health problem. Colombia is one country, in Latinamerica, with a considerable epidemiology, with high incidence municipalities; among those is included Pereira. Materials and methods: Assessment of main epidemiological indicators (estimations of incidence, mortality and lethality) of HIV infection/AIDS, period 1998-2011, Municipality Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. Results: During the period a total of 1471 cases were recorded (mean 105.1±27.6/year, range 51-159); increasing (r2=0.3028; p=0.0415), specially between 2006-2011 (r2=0.845; p=0.0095). Incidence oscillated between 11.8 (2001) to 34.6 (2011) cases/100,000 pop (95%CI 29.0-40.0), without a significant increase between 1998-2005 (r2=0.0351; p=0.6567), and increasing significantly between 2006-2011 (r2=0.8318; p=0.0113). A total of 631 deaths were recorded (mean 45.1±8.9/year, range 32-64), no significant variation between 1998-2005 (r2=0.042; p=0.6262); from 2006-2011 were significantly reduced (r2=0.7016; p=0.0374). Mortality oscillated from 7.0 (2010) to 14.3 (2006) deaths/100,000 pop (95%CI 11.0-18.0), significantl decreasing between 2006-2011 (r2=0.7251; p=0.0314). Lethality (CFR) in the period oscillated from 21.9% (2010) to 88.2% (2001) (95%CI 8.41-98.06). Discussion: Although HIV/AIDS incidence is increasing, lethality and mortality are progressively decreasing. This could be related to multiple factors that include a better diagnostic and therapeutic coverage, higher access to the health care system, more information availability, as well appropriate and skilled multidisciplinary management. However, at promotion and prevention there are still great challenges to achieve, that include more communitary participation in the processes of information access, epidemiological surveillance, quality assessment at the use of health care services related to HIV/AIDS, among others.

Saberes psicológicos no Compêndio Narrativo do Peregrino da América (1728), de Nuno Marques Pereira

Na literatura do Brasil-Colônia é possível evidenciar concepções de homem e de conhecimentos psicológicos elaborados pelo contexto cultural e social do período barroco, que são enfocados pela história dos Saberes Psicológicos. A história dos Saberes Psicológicos no Brasil tem seu legado no período colonial e atualmente também podemos tomar tal conhecimento a fim de depreender a concepção de homem e as formas de conhecimento que foram se desenvolvendo desde aquele período em nossa cultura. No cenário cultural do século XVIII, dentre os representantes da prosa barroca destaca-se Nuno Marques Pereira, considerado um dos fundadores da narrativa ficcional brasileira com a obra Compêndio Narrativo do Peregrino da América (1728). A obra, com narrativa em primeira pessoa, traz o diálogo entre um Peregrino que sai das terras da Bahia rumo à Minas Gerais e um Ancião, remontado a alegoria da existência humana como peregrinação. Embora não haja uma ciência psicológica na época, a obra de Nuno Marques Pereira aponta concepções que permitem traçar conhecimentos sobre o dinamismo psíquico do homem barroco. A peregrinação denota assim, o homem em movimento, o dinamismo e a transitoriedade da vida, em uma existência entrelaçada na significação e relação com o espiritual e o divino. A pesquisa investigou na referida obra os Saberes Psicológicos na narrativa por meio do tópico peregrinação, bem como os conhecimentos referentes à elaboração de conceitos e práticas que abrangiam a dimensão psicológica da experiência humana...(AU)

It is possible to define conceptions about human kind and psychological knowledge, elaborated by social and cultural context at colonial age in Brazil history. The history of Psychological Knowledge in Brazil has its legacy dated from colonial era. Nowadays, it is possible to analyze that knowledge in order to understand the evolution of the concepts of human being and knowledge understanding from then on. In the XVIII century, among baroque writers, Nuno Marques Pereira has a special role. Regarded as a founder of Brazilian fictional prose, his opera prima Compêndio Narrativo do Peregrino da América (1728) tells, in first person, a dialog between a Pilgrim, going from Bahia to Minas Gerais, and an Ancient man. The dialog retells the metaphor of human life as peregrination. Although there wasnt a Psychological Science at his time, Nuno Marques Pereira works allows to dive into psychic dynamics of baroque man. The peregrination denotes a man in movement, the dynamics and fugacity of life in an existence interweave in the signification of the relation with the spiritual and divine. This thesis focuses on the psychological knowledge in Nunos work through the topic pilgrimage, as well as the knowledge referent to concept and practice elaboration about the psychological dimension of human experience...(AU)

Correlação de pearson e análise de trilha identificando variáveis para caracterizar porta-enxerto de Pyrus communis L / Pearson correlation and path analysis identifying variables for the characterization of Pyrus communis L. rootstock

Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, através de correlação de Pearson e análise de trilha, identificar variáveis para caracterizar porta-enxertos ananizantes para a cultura da pereira (Pyrus communis L.). Neste experimento foram utilizadas 49 plantas de pereira, plantadas nos canteiros do Departamento de Fitotecnia da FAEM/UFPel. As plantas foram avaliadas na época do seu crescimento vegetativo, segundo parâmetros descritos em instruções do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Pela correlação de Pearson, as variáveis VP, NRP, HCP e FCNPRCL se destacaram. Na análise de trilha, a variável número de lenticelas obteve maior efeito positivo sobre VP, NRP e FCNPRCL, a variável ramificação do ramo demonstrou-se com efeito positivo sobre HCP, sendo essas duas variáveis consideradas eficazes no processo de seleção de porta-enxerto juntamente com as variáveis básicas.

The objective of this work was to identify, through the Pearson correlation and path analysis, variables to characterize rootstocks suitable for the cultivation of the pear (Pyrus communis L.). In this experiment 49 pear specimens were used, planted in flowerbeds at the Phytotechny Department. The plants were evaluated at the time of growth, according to parameters described in the instructions of the Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. According to the Pearson correlation, the variables VP, NRP, ETA and FCNPRCL stood out. In path analysis, the variable number of lenticels had a more positive effect on VP, NRP and FCNPRCL, variable branch of the industry had a more positive effect on ETA. Both variables were considered effective in the process of selection of rootstock together with the basic variables.

Pereirina: o primeiro alcaloide isolado no Brasil? / Was pereirina the first alkaloid isolated in Brazil?

O artigo descreve a história da pereirina, um alcaloide extraído das cascas da Geissospermum vellosii Allemão, uma espécie de planta brasileira da família Apocynaceae, conhecida popularmente como Pau-pereira. A classificação botânica desta espécie e o emprego da pereirina na medicina popular foram as razões que acirraram a disputa entre os farmacêuticos brasileiros e estrangeiros pela glória de sua descoberta no Brasil do século XIX. Neste estudo constatou-se que a glória desta descoberta é do farmacêutico brasileiro Ezequiel Corrêa dos Santos e desta maneira, a pereirina é o primeiro alcaloide isolado no Brasil. As cascas do Pau-pereira foram, durante dois séculos, um importante remédio no combate a diversas doenças, devido às propriedades terapêuticas dos alcaloides presentes nas cascas da espécie e atualmente pesquisas estão sendo realizadas para comprovação científica de sua eficácia no combate a doenças virais como Aids, herpes e hepatite C.

This article describes the history of pereirina, an alkaloid extracted from Geissospermum vellosii Allemão barks, a Brazilian plant of Apocynaceae's family, popularly known as "pau-pereira". The botanical classification of this species and the use of pereirina in popular medicine were reasons for controversies and irritated disputes for the glory of the discovery among Brazilians and foreigners pharmacists. For two centuries, the pau-pereira's barks were important remedy to combat various diseases, because the therapeutic properties of alkaloids present in the barks of the species. The currently researches are being carried out for scientific proof of its effectiveness in combating viral diseases such as AIDS, herpes and hepatitis C.

A voz do Brasil: Miguel Pereira e o discurso sobre o "imenso hospital" / The voice of Brazil: Miguel Pereira and his speech on the "enormous hospital"

Este trabalho reproduz e comenta importante fonte primária muito citada nos estudos em história da saúde no Brasil, mas pouco conhecida em sua integralidade. Trata-se do discurso do médico Miguel Pereira, proferido em outubro de 1916, e no qual se referiu à zona rural do país como 'um imenso hospital'. A interpretação consagrada dessa fonte é a de que sua repercussão teve persistente e decisiva influência em políticas públicas de saúde na primeira metade do século XX. Neste texto, aprofundo o conhecimento das circunstâncias históricas que geraram a elaboração dessa expressão-síntese dos 'males do Brasil', sobretudo no que se refere às discussões, então em curso, a respeito do recrutamento militar obrigatório e do Exército como 'escola de civismo'.

The article reproduces and comments on an important primary source that is often cited in studies on Brazil's history of health but which few are familiar with in its entirety: the October 1916 speech by physician Miguel Pereira, in which he referred to rural Brazil as an "enormous hospital." The standard interpretation is that this source had a steady, decisive influence on public health policies in the first half of the twentieth century. In this text, I endeavor to deepen our knowledge of the historical circumstances which produced this expression that synthesized the 'evils of Brazil', especially in regard to the era's discussion of mandatory military recruitment and of the army as a 'civics school'.

The (In)visible Lesbian.

ABSTRACT This article positions lesbian literature within post-Franco Spanish literature, demonstrating how works by Spanish lesbian authors and/or with lesbian themes have been marginalized publicly and academically, even after the liberalizations that have dramatically transformed Spanish society since the death of Franco. The article calls for a more thoughtful reading of lesbian literature in particular, and women's literature in general, providing a model with its encapsulated readings of works by Marosa Gómez Pereira, Ana María Moix, and Lucía Etxebarria.